The Upanishads
(Yogi Ramsuratkumar Bhavan)
The Upanishads Yogi Ramsuratkumar Bhavan The word "Upanishad" consists of three words?Upa means near, ni means down and shad means be seated. So, Upanishad means, be seated at the feet of the Guru to receive the teaching. The Upanishads constitute what we call the Vedanta (Veda-anta), the end of the Vedas, not merely because they constitute the last part of them, but above all because they are their ultimate teachings, reaching to the highest metaphysical state, beyond which is the realm of Silence.The most ancient Upanishads are, in fact, part of the Vedas, and are therefore a part of the Shruti. So they constitute the fundamentals, the essence of the Hindu philosophy. They are connected to the whole of Knowledge and contain within them the exposition of the origin of the Universe, the nature of Brahman and the jivatman, the relation between the mind and matter, etc? therefore, the main topic of the Upanishads is the ultimate Knowledge: the identity of the Brahman and the jivatman?Tat tvam asi?You are That (Chandgogya Upanishad), the quest for unity in diversity «That by which the whole Universe is known» (Mundaka Upanishad). The Upanishads are the first scriptures where the law of Karma first appeared as taught by Yajnavalkya (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).The characteristics of the Upanishads are their universality and the total absence of any dogmatism. They are the highest philosophy ever conceived by the human mind.Traditionally, there are 108 Upanishads (major), which are as follows: Twelve major Upanishads, Aitareya and the Kauhsitaki which belong to Rg VedaChandogya and Kena to SamavedaTaittiriya, Katha, Shvetashvatara, Brhadaranyaka and Isha to Yajur Veda ,Prshna , Mundaka and Mandukya to Atharvaveda.Twenty?three samanayayuvedanta Upanishads Twenty Yoga Upanishads , Seventeen samnyasa Upanishads Fourteen vaishnava Upanishads , Fourteen shaiva Upanishads, Eight shakta Upanishads . If there are more than 200 texts titled as Upanishads, it is advised to stick to the traditional, specially, to the Vedic Upanishads. Upanishads are the work of different authors and, apart the ?great Upanishads? belonging to the sruti and which are in prose, we cannot say that they constitute a strictly speaking system of philosophy, some of them being connected to certain particular sects, such as the cult of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Ganesha, Surya, etc. Here is a list of traditional Upanishads: Ishavasya (major), Kena (major), Katha (or Kathaka) (major) , Prashna (major)
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